\u0158ekn\u011bme to rad\u0161i rovnou a eufemisticky \u2013 Posledn\u00ed lanovka, nov\u00fd, dev\u00edtisetstr\u00e1nkov\u00fd rom\u00e1n Johna Irvinga nen\u00ed dobr\u00fd. Je p\u0159ebujel\u00fd, mechanicky komponovan\u00fd, upacht\u011bn\u00fd, sp\u00ed\u0161 upocen\u011b trapn\u00fd ne\u017e vtipn\u00fd. Najdeme v n\u011bm snad v\u0161echny Irvingovy obl\u00edben\u00e9 motivy, jako je nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd otec, dominantn\u00ed, sv\u00e9r\u00e1zn\u00e1 matka, z\u00e1pasen\u00ed, v\u00fdchodn\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed a univerzitn\u00ed m\u011bste\u010dko Exeter, v\u00e1lka ve Vietnamu, reflexe vlastn\u00edho psan\u00ed, odpor k bigotnosti jak\u00e9hokoli druhu, bizarn\u011b groteskn\u00ed sex i smrt.<\/p>\n
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Sesypan\u00e9 je to tu ale v\u0161echno do tak nesourod\u00e9 hromady puzzle, \u017ee kdy\u017e se ho \u010dlov\u011bku kone\u010dn\u011b poda\u0159\u00ed poskl\u00e1dat dohromady, z\u00edr\u00e1 na podivnou rodinnou fresku a t\u00e1pe, co m\u00e1 v\u0161echen ten zmatek vlastn\u011b znamenat. Nejv\u00edc ze v\u0161eho tak nov\u00fd Irving\u016fv rom\u00e1n p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 rukopis grafomana, kter\u00fd nakladatel vydal v prvn\u00ed hrub\u00e9 verzi, ani\u017e ho p\u0159ed t\u00edm vid\u011bl editor. Vyd\u00e1vat ho v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b m\u00e1 smysl jen pro ty, kdo Irvinga miluj\u00ed za v\u0161ech okolnost\u00ed a cht\u011bj\u00ed ho m\u00edt v knihovn\u011b kompletn\u00edho.<\/p>\n
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P\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9 to ale nen\u00ed. Kvalita tvorby americk\u00e9ho spisovatele od jeho dev\u00e1t\u00e9ho rom\u00e1nu Rok vdovou (\u010d. 2000) pad\u00e1 strm\u011b dol\u016f nebo p\u0159inejlep\u0161\u00edm stagnuje (\u010ctvrt\u00e1 ruka, \u010d. 2002). Existuje v\u0161ak jeden obecn\u00fd d\u016fvod, pro\u010d se Posledn\u00ed lanovkou zab\u00fdvat \u2013 Irving je glob\u00e1ln\u011b \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd autor. M\u00e1lokdo dok\u00e1zal tak pronikav\u011b a p\u0159itom z\u00e1bavn\u011b odvypr\u00e1v\u011bt p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh kontrakulturn\u00edho hnut\u00ed Ameriky nebo obecn\u011b z\u00e1padn\u00edho sv\u011bta 60. a 70. let. Jeho rom\u00e1nov\u00ed hrdinov\u00e9 T. S. Garp, Homer Wells nebo Owen Meany pat\u0159\u00ed k ikonick\u00fdm postav\u00e1m, v jejich\u017e naru\u0161en\u00fdch osudech dosp\u00edvala americk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost k sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 nebo prost\u011b osobn\u00ed svobod\u011b \u2013\u2060\u2060 ostatn\u011b n\u00e1zev fiktivn\u00edho rom\u00e1nu \u201eSexu\u00e1ln\u011b podez\u0159el\u00e1\u201c Jenny Fieldsov\u00e9, jedn\u00e9 z dal\u0161\u00edch postav Sv\u011bta podle Garpa, nosily v 70. letech, kdy kniha vy\u0161la, tehdej\u0161\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159ky hrd\u011b na tri\u010dku.<\/p>\n
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O popularit\u011b americk\u00e9ho spisovatele vypov\u00edd\u00e1 u\u017e jen to, \u017ee p\u011bt jeho rom\u00e1n\u016f z\u00edskalo filmovou podobu. Za sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 k Pravidl\u016fm mo\u0161t\u00e1rny Irving dokonce z\u00edskal Oscara. Paradoxn\u00ed je, \u017ee z filmov\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed zmizely osobit\u00e9 ingredience jeho rom\u00e1nov\u00e9ho stylu: smysl pro absurdn\u00ed a\u017e \u010dern\u00fd humor a groteskn\u011b komplikovan\u00e9 z\u00e1pletky, pod kter\u00fdmi skr\u00fdv\u00e1 politicky apelativn\u00ed podlo\u017e\u00ed. Ve filmu tak chyb\u00ed mnoh\u00e9 podstatn\u00e9 sc\u00e9ny, nap\u0159\u00edklad ta, ve kter\u00e9 doktor Larch, z\u00e1visl\u00fd na \u010dich\u00e1n\u00ed \u00e9teru, souhlas\u00ed s proveden\u00edm potratu p\u0159\u00edtelkyn\u011b mlad\u00edka z bohat\u00e9 rodiny pouze za podm\u00ednky, \u017ee ten bude neleg\u00e1ln\u00edmu z\u00e1kroku na luxusn\u00ed jacht\u011b p\u0159\u00edtomen. B\u011bhem operace mu pak popisuje ka\u017ed\u00fd detail a nut\u00ed ho poslouchat \u0161kr\u00e1bav\u00fd, chrupav\u010dit\u00fd zvuk chirurgick\u00e9 kyrety p\u0159i pohybu o d\u011blo\u017en\u00ed st\u011bnu, dokud mlad\u00edk nevyb\u011bhne z kajuty a nezvrac\u00ed p\u0159es bort.<\/p>\n
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M\u016f\u017ee se to zd\u00e1t jako zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 \u0161\u0165ouralstv\u00ed, ale pr\u00e1v\u011b v podobn\u00fdch detailech spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 podvratn\u00e1 podmanivost Irvingova psan\u00ed. Dok\u00e1\u017ee pro citliv\u00e9 politick\u00e9 t\u00e9ma naj\u00edt v\u00fdmluvn\u00fd obraz nebo sc\u00e9nu a pojednat ho groteskn\u011b, a p\u0159itom pronikav\u011b a ve v\u0161ech rozporech. V\u017edy se tak sice stav\u011bl na stranu liber\u00e1ln\u00edch hodnot, sv\u00fdmi rom\u00e1ny obhajoval pr\u00e1vo na potrat, sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo genderov\u00e9 sebeur\u010den\u00ed, stav\u011bl se proti v\u00e1lce ve Vietnamu. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak odhaloval pokrytectv\u00ed nebo bigotnost obou stran \u2013\u2060\u2060 t\u00e9 konzervativn\u00ed i t\u00e9, kterou bychom dnes nazvali progresivistickou.<\/p>\n
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Nap\u0159\u00edklad Garp se postav\u00ed proti \u017eensk\u00e9 skupin\u011b, jej\u00ed\u017e \u010dlenky se ze solidarity se zn\u00e1siln\u011bnou d\u00edvkou Ellen, kter\u00e9 pachatel\u00e9 vy\u0159\u00edzli jazyk, nech\u00e1vaj\u00ed zohavit stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem ve snaze s n\u00ed sympatizovat. Jsou p\u0159itom natolik zaslepen\u00e9 pocitem vlastn\u00ed u\u0161lechtilosti, \u017ee si nejsou schopny p\u0159ipustit, jak t\u00edm jej\u00ed utrpen\u00ed umoc\u0148uj\u00ed a znemo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed, aby se jej\u00ed trauma hojilo. Jedna z nich nakonec na Garpa vyt\u00e1hne revolver a st\u0159el\u00ed ho do prsou.<\/p>\n
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Paradoxn\u00ed je, \u017ee sv\u016fj nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rom\u00e1n Irving vydal t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 p\u0159ed pades\u00e1ti lety, v roce 1978. Jsme tedy o pades\u00e1t let d\u00e1l, ov\u0161em ve velmi podobn\u00e9m spole\u010densk\u00e9m marasmu.<\/p>\n
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\u201eD\u011bs\u00ed m\u011b, jak se sou\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj obrac\u00ed zp\u00e1tky,\u201c vypr\u00e1v\u00ed americk\u00fd spisovatel v jedn\u00e9 z leto\u0161n\u00edch americk\u00fdch late night show. \u201eKdy\u017e jsem dopisoval Garpa, b\u00e1l jsem se, \u017ee a\u017e kniha vyjde, nebude u\u017e aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed, proto\u017ee v\u0161echny ty motivy, jako je legalizace potratu, p\u0159ijet\u00ed homosexuality, feminismus budou b\u011b\u017en\u00e1, p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00e1 v\u011bc. M\u00fdlil jsem se. U\u017e je to v\u0161echno zase aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed, sm\u011b\u0159ujeme nazp\u00e1tek.\u201c<\/p>\n
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Rodinn\u00fd, ducha\u0159sk\u00fd maglajz<\/p>\n
Jak u\u017e bylo \u0159e\u010deno v\u00fd\u0161e, do sv\u00e9ho nov\u00e9ho rom\u00e1nu Posledn\u00ed lanovka Irving sesyp\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u0161echny zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 motivy do jedn\u00e9 krabice jako kosti\u010dky Lega. P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh se klene p\u0159es n\u011bkolik generac\u00ed a autor \u2013 pou\u010den sv\u00fdm obl\u00edben\u00fdm Charlesem Dickensem \u2013 prov\u00e1z\u00ed sv\u00e9 hrdiny od narozen\u00ed do smrti. A d\u011bl\u00e1 to pe\u010dliv\u011b a s ka\u017edou z cca 10 postav, co\u017e je taky nejsp\u00ed\u0161 jeden z d\u016fvod\u016f, pro\u010d mu to trv\u00e1 dev\u011bt set stran. P\u0159itom se ale \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 nev\u011bnuje dost na to, aby vypov\u011bd\u011bl n\u011bco o jejich vnit\u0159n\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b a ony tak z\u00edskaly o n\u011bco v\u00edce ne\u017e hrub\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u00e1ristick\u00e9 obrysy.<\/p>\n
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Hrdinou nov\u00e9ho bildungsromanu je mal\u00fd Adam, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e \u201emal\u00fd\u201c odkazuje nejprve na jeho v\u011bk a v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u011bku na jeho v\u00fd\u0161ku. M\u00e1 to sv\u016fj d\u016fvod. Cel\u00fd \u017eivot p\u00e1tr\u00e1 po sv\u00e9m biologick\u00e9m otci, jeho\u017e jm\u00e9no mu matka odm\u00edt\u00e1 prozradit. V\u00ed ale, \u017ee mus\u00ed b\u00fdt drobn\u00fd, proto\u017ee drobn\u00e1 je i jeho matka p\u0159ezd\u00edvan\u00e1 Mal\u00e1 Ray, kter\u00e1 by v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho mu\u017ee vedle sebe ani do sebe nep\u0159ijala: \u201ePro m\u011b nen\u00ed nikdo z mu\u017e\u016f dost mal\u00fd,\u201c tvrd\u00ed.<\/p>\n
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Mal\u00e1 Ray nav\u00edc \u017eije v lesbick\u00e9m a pozd\u011bji polyamorick\u00e9m vztahu s \u0159idi\u010dkou sn\u011b\u017en\u00e9 rolby Molly a Adamov\u00fdm u\u010ditelem anglick\u00e9 literatury Eliottem Barlowem, kter\u00fd pozd\u011bji projde tranzic\u00ed. Adam je tak v rodin\u011b t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jedin\u00fd, koho by progresivist\u00e9 ozna\u010dili za b\u00edl\u00e9ho cis heterosexu\u00e1ln\u00edho mu\u017ee. Na rozd\u00edl od ostatn\u00edch se ale ve sv\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b a identit\u011b paradoxn\u011b jako jedin\u00fd nedok\u00e1\u017ee naj\u00edt a pot\u00e1c\u00ed se od jednoho ztroskot\u00e1n\u00ed k druh\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n
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Na po\u010d\u00e1tku jeho pot\u00ed\u017e\u00ed p\u0159itom v\u011bz\u00ed incestn\u00ed z\u00e1\u017eitek, kdy mu jeho matka chce zprost\u0159edkovat pro\u017eitek francouzsk\u00e9ho polibku, \u010d\u00edm\u017e ov\u0161em za\u017eehne s\u00e9rii jeho sexu\u00e1ln\u00edch eskap\u00e1d. Vedle toho p\u0159idejme je\u0161t\u011b dv\u011b bigotn\u00ed, konzervativn\u00ed tety, kter\u00e9 d\u011bn\u00ed v Adamov\u011b rodin\u011b kysele a zap\u0161kle komentuj\u00ed, dva v\u00fdst\u0159edn\u00ed norsk\u00e9 str\u00fdce a lesbickou prosto\u0159ekou sest\u0159enici Noru a jej\u00ed partnerku Em, kter\u00e1 z nezn\u00e1m\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f nemluv\u00ed a vyjad\u0159uje se pantomimou.<\/p>\n
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Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed os\u00e1dka je tedy bizarn\u00ed tak, jak jsme u Irvinga zvykl\u00ed, ostatn\u011b pro ka\u017edou figuru bychom na\u0161li n\u011bjak\u00fd p\u0159edobraz v jeho p\u0159edchoz\u00edch rom\u00e1nech. Tentokr\u00e1t nav\u00edc je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 duchy. Ti se Adamovi zjevuj\u00ed v nejm\u00e9n\u011b vhodn\u00fdch okam\u017eic\u00edch, co\u017e se nejv\u00edce da\u0159\u00ed jeho pok\u00e1len\u00e9mu a prd\u00edc\u00edmu d\u011bde\u010dkovi, jeho\u017e v\u00fdstupy pat\u0159\u00ed k t\u011bm nejtrapn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v cel\u00e9m Irvingov\u011b rom\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n
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V\u00fdsledkem je bezb\u0159eh\u00fd maglajz, ve kter\u00e9m jako kdyby se autor celou dobu sna\u017eil p\u0159ij\u00edt na to, co chce vlastn\u011b skrze tyhle nekonven\u010dn\u00ed rodinn\u00e9 konstelace vypr\u00e1v\u011bt. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed osou je tu samoz\u0159ejm\u011b hled\u00e1n\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9ho otce, ale i to je jen vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u0159emesln\u00e9 le\u0161en\u00ed, na kter\u00e9 Irving svou ob\u00e9zn\u00ed pr\u00f3zu nabaluje. Snad by se jeho rom\u00e1n dal interpretovat jako rom\u00e1nov\u00e1 obhajoba sexu\u00e1ln\u00edch men\u0161in, kritika prud\u00e9rnosti nebo p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh hled\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159ijet\u00ed vlastn\u00ed identity v sou\u010dasn\u00e9m st\u00e1le konzervativn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b, kde se z n\u011b\u010deho tak intimn\u00edho a osobn\u00edho, jako je vlastn\u00ed t\u011blo, znovu st\u00e1v\u00e1 ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 politikum a z\u00e1minka kulturn\u00edch v\u00e1lek.<\/p>\n
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Na rozd\u00edl od sv\u00fdch nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch rom\u00e1n\u016f se ale Irvingovi neda\u0159\u00ed naj\u00edt \u201espodn\u00ed proud\u201c, d\u00e1t osud\u016fm jeho postav nal\u00e9havost, v\u011brohodn\u00fd vnit\u0159n\u00ed sv\u011bt. Skv\u011ble to vystihnul Edward Docx v recenzi pro The Guardian: \u201eJako by napsal sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 a spol\u00e9hal na re\u017eis\u00e9ra nebo herce, \u017ee mu dodaj\u00ed hloubku.\u201c<\/p>\n
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Ve v\u00fdsledku tak jen mechanicky doprov\u00e1z\u00ed ke smrti jednu postavu za druhou, jako kdyby postupoval podle p\u0159\u00edru\u010dky tv\u016fr\u010d\u00edho psan\u00ed a \u0159\u00eddil se p\u0159itom doporu\u010den\u00edm dal\u0161\u00edho ze sv\u00fdch rom\u00e1nov\u00fdch protagonist\u016f Teda Coala z Roku vdovou: \u201ePodstatn\u00e9 jsou detaily.\u201c<\/p>\n
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Kdo vydr\u017e\u00ed do strany 765, toho pak nejsp\u00ed\u0161 ubije vlo\u017een\u00fd stostr\u00e1nkov\u00fd sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159, ve kter\u00e9m Adam l\u00ed\u010d\u00ed setk\u00e1n\u00ed se sv\u00fdm biologick\u00fdm otcem. Autor form\u00e1ln\u00ed ozvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u011bn\u00ed ospravedl\u0148uje t\u00edm, \u017ee jeho hrdina je sc\u00e9n\u00e1rista, kter\u00fd nav\u00edc v \u00favodu n\u00e1vodn\u011b pron\u00e1\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159ed sebou onu ud\u00e1lost vid\u00ed \u201ejako film\u201c, \u010d\u00edst se to ale ned\u00e1.<\/p>\n
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Zb\u00fdv\u00e1 tak ocenit n\u011bkolik opravdu vtipn\u00fdch sc\u00e9n a nekazit si je t\u011bmi trapn\u00fdmi, pln\u00fdmi prd\u016f a kad\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00fdmi Irving\u016fv rom\u00e1n pad\u00e1 do kategorie druh\u00fdch a t\u0159et\u00edch pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed b\u00e9\u010dkov\u00fdch film\u016f. P\u0159ijmout, \u017ee autorovi je 82 let, jde o jeho patn\u00e1ct\u00fd rom\u00e1n a z\u0159ejm\u011b cht\u011bl znovu proj\u00edt v\u0161echny sv\u00e9 liter\u00e1rn\u00ed motivy a n\u00e1pady, shrnout je na jednu hromadu a zjistit, jestli v t\u00e9 kup\u011b nenajde je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bco, co by mohlo k zan\u00edcen\u00e9 sou\u010dasnosti, v n\u00ed\u017e je bigotnost v\u0161eho druhu op\u011bt na vzestupu, promluvit. Ostatn\u011b Sv\u011bt podle Garpa figuruje na seznamech zak\u00e1zan\u00fdch titul\u016f v n\u011bkolika americk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech.<\/p>\n
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\u00a0<\/p>\n
Autor:\u00a0Vyb\u00edr\u00e1me z m\u00e9di\u00ed: Seznamzpr\u00e1vy.cz<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Sv\u011bt podle Garpa se vrac\u00ed. Kvalita psan\u00ed Johna Irvinga se ale jeho rom\u00e1nem Posledn\u00ed lanovka d\u00e1l strm\u011b propad\u00e1.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":324517,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"twitterCardType":"","cardImageID":0,"cardImage":"","cardTitle":"","cardDesc":"","cardImageAlt":"","cardPlayer":"","cardPlayerWidth":0,"cardPlayerHeight":0,"cardPlayerStream":"","cardPlayerCodec":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[21832],"class_list":["post-324516","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-recenze","tag-literarni-kavarna"],"acf":{"related_products":null},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.luxor.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/324516","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.luxor.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.luxor.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.luxor.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.luxor.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=324516"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.luxor.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/324516\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.luxor.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/324517"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.luxor.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=324516"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.luxor.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=324516"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.luxor.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=324516"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}